Gingivitis is caused by the long-term effects of plaque deposits. Plaque is a sticky material that develops on the exposed portions of the teeth, consisting of bacteria, mucous, and food debris. It is a major cause of tooth decay. Unremoved plaque mineralises into a hard deposit called tartar (calculus) that becomes trapped at the base of the tooth. Plaque and tartar are irritants that stimulate inflammation in the gums. Bacteria, and the toxins bacteria produce, cause the gums to become infected, swollen, and tender.
Injury or trauma to the gums from any cause, including overly vigorous brushing or flossing of the teeth, can also cause gingivitis. The risks for developing gingivitis include uncontrolled diabetes, pregnancy (because of hormonal changes that increase the sensitivity of the gingiva), general illness, and poor dental hygiene.
Misaligned teeth, rough edges of fillings, and ill-fitting or unclean mouth appliances (such as orthodontic appliances, dentures, bridges, and crowns) can irritate the gums and increase the risk of gingivitis. Medications for the heart, epilepsy and birth control, and ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and bismuth are also associated with gingivitis.
Many people experience gingivitis to a varying degree. It often develops during puberty or early adulthood due to hormonal changes and may persist or recur frequently, depending on the health of your teeth and gums.
